When individuals begin to realize that he is part of the social environment in which it is located, the same individuals are beginning to realize that the social environmentare the rules, norma-norma/nilai-nilai as a basis or standard of conduct. The decision to do something based on consideration of the prevailing norms andvalues ​​espoused is called morality. In this regard, Kohlberg proposed stages ofdevelopment of individual morality, as shown in the following table:

Stage level
Pre Conventional (0-9) The orientation of the compliance and penalties
Hedonism relativistic
Conventional (9-15) The orientation of a good son
Maintain social norms and authority
Post Conventional (> 15) The orientation of the agreement between him and the social environment
Universal ethical principles

The developmental phase of adolescence is a very important individual. Harold Alberty (1957) suggests that adolescence is a period in the development of a person who lived a lie since the end of childhood to early adulthood. Conger argues that adolescence is a very critical period which may be erupakan the best of time and the worst of time.

We find different interpretations of the experts on adolescence:

Freud interprets adolescence as a time to find the sexual life forms that have interpreted the Buhler definitif.Charlotte adolescence as a time-mengisi.Spranger content needs to read an interpretation of adolescence as a period of growth with changes in the fundamental structure of the psyche.
Hofmann interprets adolescence as a period of formation of attitudes towards everything experienced by the individual.
G. Stanley Hall interprets adolescence as a period of storm and Drang (storm and hurricane).
Experts generally agree that the span of adolescence lasts from age 11-13 years to 18-20 years (Abin Shamsuddin, 2003). In the span of this period there are several indicators of significant differences, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Therefore, experts mengklasikasikan adolescence into two parts: (1) early adolescence (11-13 years till 14-15 years), and (2) late adolescence (14-16 yr sd18-20 th) .

Adolescence is characterized by a variety of changes, both physically and psychologically, who might pose a particular problem or problems for the teenager.pabila not accompanied by an effort of self-understanding and self-direction is right, it can even lead to a variety of juvenile delinquency and criminal acts. Problems that may arise in adolescence include:

Problems associated with physical and motor development.

In adolescence is characterized by rapid physical growth. Physical conditions in adolescence is seen as an important thing, but when the physical state does not correspond to expectations (the discrepancy between body image with self picture) can cause a sense of dissatisfaction and lack of confidence. Likewise, a disproportionate physical development. Reproductive maturity in adolescence requires effort gratification and if not guided by the norms of behavior can lead to sexual deviation.

Problems related to cognitive and language development.

In early adolescence is characterized by the rapid development of intellectual abilities. However, when the teenager does not get the opportunity to develop intellectual skills, particularly through education at school, it probably would not develop his intellectual potential optimal. Likewise adolescence, especially early adolescence is the best time to get to know and explore a foreign language.However, because of limited opportunities and facilities and pre facilities, causing difficulties for the young master a foreign language. Inevitably, in the era of globalization, mastery of foreign languages ​​is essential to support the success of one’s life and career. But with the obstacles in the development of incompetence in foreign languages ​​must be more or less affect the life and career success. Delays in cognitive and language development may also result in emotional aspects, social and behavioral aspects and other personalities.

Problems associated with the development of social behavior, morality and religion.

The teenage years are also referred to as the social hunger (thirst social), which is characterized by the desire to get along and be accepted in the peer group (peer group). Rejection of the peer group can lead to frustration and make him as isolated and feel inferior. But otherwise if the teen can be accepted by their peers and even become an idol of course he would feel proud and have the honor in itself. Social behavior problems in adolescents does not only happen with a group of peers, but also can occur with parents and other adults, including teachers at the school. This is due in adolescence, especially early adolescents be characterized by an ambivalent desire, on the one hand the desire to remove the dependency and can determine their own choice, but on the other hand he still needs a parent, especially economically. In line with the growth of reproductive organs, social relationships are developed in adolescence was marked also by the desire to establish a special relationship with other species and if not guided action can lead to distortion of social behavior and sexual behavior. In adolescence is also marked by a willingness to experiment and test the reliability of the existing norms, if not guided, it may be developed into a conflict of values ​​in themselves and their environment.

Problems associated with the development of personality, and emotional.

Adolescence is also called the time to discover the identity of themselves (self identity). Any identity quest, mostly done by trial and error behavior, the behavior of imitation or identification. When the teen fails to find his identity, he will experience an identity crisis or identity confusion, so it may be formed personality system that describes the state itself is not the truth. Reactions and emotional expressions are still unstable and not yet under control in adolescence may have an impact on personal and social life. He became often feel depressed and moping or he would be someone who behaves aggressively. Quarrels and fights are often the result of emotional instability.

Other than those described above, of course there are many other problems of adolescence. Incidence of adolescent problems are influenced by various factors, both internal and external. In order for teens to avoid the various difficulties and problems would need the wisdom of all parties.

Referring to the writings Samsuddin Abin (2003), the following are the characteristics and behavior during adolescence, which is divided into the two groups: early adolescents (11-13 up to 14-15 years) and late adolescence (14-16 sd 18 - 20 years) covering aspects: physical, psychomotor, language, cognitive, social, moral, religious, conative, affective emotion and personality.

Early Adolescents

(11-13 s.d.14 Th Th-15)

Late adolescents

(14-16 Th.s.d.18 Th-20)

Physical
The rate of progression was generally rapid. The rate of development in general back down, very slow.
The proportion of height and weight often-times less balanced. The proportion of height and weight is more balanced approach the strength of adults.
The emergence of secondary traits (tumbul pubic hairs on the region, the muscle expands on the – certain parts), starting with the active secretion of the sex glands (menstruation in women and day dreaming in men. Ready functioning of reproductive organs as in adults .
Psychomotor
Motion – movements seem clumsy and less coordinated. Gestures began to steady.
Active in various types of branches of the game. The type and number of branches of the game is more selective and limited to the skills that support the preparation work.
Language
The growing use of the language code and became interested in studying a foreign language. Further establish itself in certain foreign languages ​​chosen.
Fond of literature in terms of breath and contains erotic, fantastic, and aesthetic.Breath fond of literature and contains philosophical values, ethis, religious.
Cognitive behavioral
Thinking process is able to operate the rules of formal logic (association, differentiation, comparison, causality) which are abstract, though relatively limited.Been able to operate the rules of formal logic with the ability to make generalizations that are more conclusive and comprehensive.
The basic intellectual skills through the fastest rate of growth. The achievement of the cusp of maturity maybe even well-established (plateau) is a time (age 50-60) to the declination.
Specific basic skills (talent) started the trend shows, the tendency is more obvious.The tendency of a particular talent reached its peak and its stability
Social Behavior
Starting with tendencies ambivalence desire to be alone and wants to hang out with lots of friends but temporary. Hanging out with a more limited number of friends and the selective and longer (close friend).
The existence of a strong dependence to peer conformity with the spirit high.Dependence of the peer group gradually flexible, except with close friends have the same choice that much interest.
Morality
The existence of ambivalence between the desire to be free from domination of parental influence and support needs of older people. Been able to separate between the values ​​- universal values ​​or normative of his supporters who might be able to make her wrong or error.
With his attitude and the way that critical berfikirnya began testing the rules or ethical value system with the reality in the daily behavior of its supporters. Was gradually able to determine and assess their own actions on the norm or value of the selected system and espoused in accordance with his conscience.
Identify with the character of morality is seen as appropriate to the type of idol.Started to maintain the distance and the limits of his freedom which must be negotiated with the parents.
Religious Behavior
About the existence and nature of God’s mercy and justice began to be questioned critically and skeptically. The existence and nature’s mercy and justice of God and lived according starting dipahamkan belief system or religion.
Appreciation of the daily religious life made upon consideration of the kind of demands that force from outside himself. Appreciation of the daily religious life began to be based on awareness and consideration of his own conscience to put it mildly
Still looking and trying to find a handle on life From finding a handle on life
Conative, Emotion, Affective and Personality
Five basic needs (physiological, security, affection, esteem and self-actualization) began to show the direction of the trend has been demonstrated to be a certain tendency toward coloring the basic pattern of his personality.
Reactions and emotional expressions is still unstable and not yet under control as a statement of anger, joy or sorrow is still subject to change and one after another in rapid reactions and expressions emosinalnya seemed under control and can control themselves.
Tendencies toward the attitude began to appear (theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious), although still in early stages of exploration and trial and error. The tendency of gravity to the attitude of certain values ​​have started to clear as would be indicated by the trend of interest and subsequent choice of career or education; which will also give color to his personality type.
Is a critical period in order to face the crisis of identity is strongly influenced by psycho-social conditions, which will form kepribadiannnya. If the conditions of psychosocial support in a positive way then started looking and found the identity of the personality of a relatively definitive diannya which will color her life until adulthood.

On one occasion I found a blog walking papers in the form of e-paper, titled “Seven Characteristics People of Freedom”, written by a famous preacher Aa Gym.Quintessence of the seven traits are:

First, a free man through life will not be tortured by the amount of desire. Actually has a very human desire, even a man can thrive and excel because there is a desire.However, if the desire to live enslaved deprived of happiness, worship, time, thought, effort, cost and even just to serve our desires and wishes are clearly not bring benefits to the glory of the world and the hereafter, it means that we have been colonized by desire.

Second, free from the bondage of lust. Lust is part of God’s grace that completes our lives to be happy even noble. However, the desire itself should be under our control. We see people who are enslaved to lust, the days just thinking of disobedience to destroy the values ​​that exist in themselves and destroy others, solely because of lust enslaved. Similarly, people who enslaved passions of anger, his mind full of abominations, simmering resentment. Full of insolence he said, his actions become uncontrollable and contemptible, and he certainly would never liked by others, so that his days full of tension.

Third, the characteristics of people whose lives it is not easy to free enslaved by love. One of which beautify and adorn our life is love. But we see there are people who fall into the valley ignominious acts, despised precisely because of love, of course the question is who makes it blind love is blind to the truth.

Fourth, be honest. Every time a lie is a lie it would be a prison for us. We will always be anxious, afraid to lie (lie) we note that we do require follow-up lie. Therefore, it would not be independent of people who do not keep himself from the lies and dishonesty.

Fifth, tawadhu will never offend, but rather will raise the degree of a person. Dream if we want to be happy if we become proud and arrogant. Happiness and freedom are the property of the people tawadhu.

Sixth sincere. Sincerity is the key to the independence of the liver. Riya people who likes to show off, that his greedy for praise, will be a fashion victim and the victim of date. But those who are sincere will not bother with human judgment. What he thought was always thinking about the best and satisfied with the judgment of Allah SWT.

Seventh, more and more dependent on something then we will be afraid of losing something. As people will be afraid of leaning on the chair seat is taken. But depend on God, because that is what will satisfy God hold everything we need.

Mitchell Ditkoff, Director of Idea Champions, presents the top qualities of an innovator, with the following characteristics:

Challenges the status quo was not satisfied with the existing situation and always questioning authority and routines and confront the existing assumptions.
Curious; actively explores the environment and investigate new possibilities, a sense of awe (sense of awe)
Self-motivated; responsive to the needs of the (inner needs) always proactively initiates new projects, appreciate every effort.
Visionary; have high imagination and have a far-sighted.
Entertains the fantastic; up with ideas “crazy”, looking at something that might not be a possibility, and menghayalkan dreamed of something big.
Takes risks; beyond the areas that are considered fun, daring to try and endure failures.
Peripatetic; changing work environment as needed, like traveling (traveling) to get inspiration or fresh ideas.
Playful / humorous; possess an interest in things that are strange and wonderful, able to appear foolish and laughs easily and often as a child.
Self-accepting; can defend his ideas and thought “as an enemy of the good perfection ‘, is not bound by anything that diipandang good in others.
Flexible / adaptive-open to any changes, be able to make adjustments to the plans that have been made, presenting a variety of solutions and ideas
Makes new connections; able to see connections between the elements is lost, synthesize and combine.
Reflective, incubating on problems and challenges, seek and contemplate the various considerations in making decisions.
Recognizes (and re-cognizes) patterns; perceptive about something and can membedakannnya, can see the trends and principles and be able to mengorganisasikannnya, see “The Big Picture.”
Tolerates ambiguity, are comfortable in the chaos (chaos), can present a paradoxical situation, in no hurry to justify to an idea that appears.
Committed to learning seeks knowledge continuously, synthesizing new input, balancing the information gathering and action.
Balances intuition and analysis and sorting between divergent thinking and convergent thinking, have a certain intuition prior to analysis, to believe what has been analyzed and used cautiously with the use of reason.
Situationally collaborative; balances of each individual, open to coaching and organizational support.
Formally articulate; effectively communicate any idea, translating abstract concepts into meaningful language, creating a prototype or model that is considered the most easily
Resilient; reflect on the things that disappointment, learns quickly from feedback, willing to try, try again
Persevering; work hard and diligently, fighting for new ideas with tenacity, a commitment to results that have been outlined.